The independent association between the indices of iron stores or administered intravenous
iron, both of which vary over time, and survival in patients who are on maintenance
hemodialysis (MHD) is not clear. It was hypothesized that the observed associations
between moderately high levels of three iron markers (serum ferritin, iron, and iron
saturation ratio) or administered intravenous iron and all-cause and cardiovascular death is
due to the time-varying confounding effect of malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome …