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Impacts, consequences and outcomes
of open polices in Europe
Webinar for AOASG
30 May 2019
Dr Danny Kingsley
Scholarly Communication Consultant
@dannykay68
Five things to discuss today
• Cascading cancellations
• Credibility crunch-point
• Metric management
• Policy pandemonium
• Being blindsided
Cascading cancellations
Offsetting agreements were only able to take us
so far….
Considerable activity in past year
Country/organisati
on
Publisher activity Date Links
Norway Cancelled Elsevier
subscription
March 2019 https://www.editage.com/insights/norway-joins-the-ranks-of-
germany-and-sweden-cancels-subscription-with-elsevier
University of
California
Cancelled Elsevier
subscription
February 2019 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00758-x
Hungarian
Consortium EINZ
Did not renew
Elsevier subscription
December
2018
http://eisz.mtak.hu/index.php/en/283-hungarian-consortium-
terminates-negotiations-with-elsevier.html
Bibsam
Consortium -
Sweden
Cancelled
agreement with
Elsevier
16 May 2018 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05191-0
French national
consortium Coupe
rin.org
Cancelled
subscriptions to
SpringerNature
30 March 2018 http://couperin.org/breves/1333-couperin-ne-renouvelle-pas-l-
accord-national-passe-avec-springer
Dutch consortium
VSNU
No agreement with
Royal Society of
Chemistry
12 March 2018 https://www.vsnu.nl/en_GB/news-items/nieuwsbericht/394-no-
agreement-with-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-
publishing%C2%A0.html
SPARC maintains a Big Deal Cancellation Tracking list -
https://sparcopen.org/our-work/big-deal-cancellation-tracking/
Outcomes
• Feb 2018 - Germany estimated to be saving £8.7million per
year
– https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/will-other-
countries-follow-germany-battle-elsevier
• July 2018 - Elsevier cut off access to Sweden and Germany
– https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05754-1
• Feb 2019 - “Thousands of scientists run up against
Elsevier’s paywall”
– https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00492-4
– Researchers: some articles are impossible to get, causes
“unnecessary delays” to work, “This is damaging to research,
and punishes researchers, not publishers.”
– Libraries: most of these article requests are fulfilled within a
working day, suspects that scientists are turning to other articles
or journals
Outcomes
https://www.the-scientist.com/news-
opinion/elsevier-and-norway-agree-on-new-
open-access-deal-65789
https://www.thebookseller.com/news/cup-oa-
partnership-university-california-988666
https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/german-
institutions-and-wiley-reach-open-access-publishing-deal-
65327
Different models
• Norway and Elsevier meet a nine million Euro agreement including a Gold Open
Access clause (including a three percent price increase):
https://www.scidecode.com/2019/04/norway-and-elsevier-meet-a-nine-million-
euro-agreement-including-a-gold-open-access-clause/
• In France the Couperin Consortium reached a price reduction of more than 13%
over four years in an agreement with Elsevier - without Gold Open Access but with
built-in Green OA.
https://www.scidecode.com/2019/04/does-the-french-couperin-consortium-beat-
the-german-wiley-deal/
• University of California’s CUP agreement means the subscription "reading" fee will
go down as UC's OA publishing goes up, the university will see no "significant"
overall increase to the cost of its contract. https://www.uksg.org/newsletter/uksg-
enews-443/cup-uc-publishing-deal
• The German annual fee will be based on the number of papers they publish in
Wiley journals which should roughly equal what these institutes had previously
been paying Wiley https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/groundbreaking-
deal-makes-large-number-german-studies-free-public
Implications
• Do you know what your institution (university,
funder etc) is spending on OA? (even in the UK
where block grants are centrally managed, there
is still huge additional APC spend)
• Do you have any idea how many of your
institution’s publications with a specific publisher
are OA? In gold OA journals vs hybrid?
• Why isn’t ‘institutional contribution’ part of the
discussion? Authoring, peer review and editing
are all un-quantified gifts from the academy –
and should be counted in these negotiations
Credibility crunch-point
This is our new reality
https://thenorwichradical.com/2017/01/12/post-truth-
politics-and-the-war-on-intellect/
During the pre-Brexit vote discussion
https://www.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c
Who is the expert?
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/opinion/pruitt-attack-science-epa.html
“Scott Pruitt, the administrator
of the Environmental Protection
Agency, has announced that he
alone will decide what is and
isn’t acceptable science for the
agency to use when developing
policies that affect your health
and the environment.”
Mr Pruitt is a lawyer. He resigned
in July 2018.
His replacement, Andrew
Wheeler, is a former coal
lobbyist.
This morning
https://campusmorningmail.com.au/news/selling-science-in-trust-deficit-days/
The credibility of science is under
threat
• “Speaking as a scientist, cherrypicking
evidence is unacceptable,” Hawking said.
“When public figures abuse scientific
argument, citing some studies but suppressing
others, to justify policies that they want to
implement for other reasons, it debases
scientific culture.”
• https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/i-would-not-have-survived-
nhs-enabled-stephen-hawking-to-live-long-life
We have to be above criticism
• “Incipient and actual attacks upon the integrity of
science have led scientists to recognize their
dependence on particular types of social structure.
Manifestos and pronouncements by associations of
scientists are devoted to the relations of science and
society. An institution under attack must re-examine its
foundations, restate its objectives, seek out its
rationale. Crisis invites self-appraisal. Now that they
have been confronted with challenges to their way of
life, scientists have been jarred into a state of acute
self-consciousness: consciousness of self as an integral
element of society with corresponding obligations and
interests.”
We have to be above criticism
Normative Structure of Science
Robert K Merton, “The Normative Structure of Science”, 1942 essay in
The Sociology of Science edited by Norman W Storer, published 1973
http://www.collier.sts.vt.edu/5424/pdfs/merton_1973.pdf
These are eroding
• The four Mertonian norms of science (1942)
– universalism: scientific validity is independent of the
sociopolitical status/personal attributes of its participants
– communalism: all scientists should have common
ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to
promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of
this norm.
– disinterestedness: scientific institutions act for the benefit
of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for the
personal gain of individuals within them
– organized scepticism: scientific claims should be exposed
to critical scrutiny before being accepted: both in
methodology and institutional codes of conduct.
Fightback - Reproducibility
Fightback - Integrity
https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-
z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/inquiries/parliament-
2017/research-integrity-17-19/publications/
Fightback - Replicability
https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-
z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/inquiries/parliament-
2017/research-integrity-17-19/publications/
Fightback - (back to) Reproducibility
https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-
z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/inquiries/parliament-
2017/research-integrity-17-19/publications/
Implications
• The reproducibility/integrity/replicability agenda
is a positive one
• It identifies causes of problems (hint – the
academic reward structure)
• It identifies potential solutions (study
registration, CredIT taxonomy etc). Many of these
relate to the Open Research agenda
• It owns the issues – that’s the strongest place to
be
• But why is this happening?
Metric management
https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-
analysis/research-policy/open-
science/Pages/forum-for-responsible-
research-metrics.aspx
https://responsiblemetrics.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/02/2015_metrictide.pdf
One of eight priorities for EC
https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscienc
e/pdf/integrated_advice_opspp_recomme
ndations.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none
All over the UK and Europe
https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/managingyourpublicat
ions/publicationsandresearchreputation/indicators/responsibleme
trics/
https://www.cwts.nl/research/research-
themes/responsible-metrics
https://www.bristol.ac.uk/research/environment
/responsible-metrics/
Note these are mostly library webpages
http://www.surrey.ac.uk/library/research/openr
esearch/understandingmetrics/responsible_use
_of_metrics.htm
https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/support/publishing/r
esponsible-use-of-metrics/
https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/research/evalu
ate/responsiblemetrics/
DORA is now *linked* to funding
https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/wellcome-updating-its-open-access-policy
Australian signatories to DORA
https://sfdora.org/signers/
But surely all
institutions have to do
is ‘sign up’?
It doesn’t mean
anything has to change
- does it?
Incentives for publication are not in
themselves problematical
https://www.notredame.edu.au/research/research-at-notre-
dame/research-development/publication/publication-incentive
https://informatics.sydney.edu.au/news/sihincentive/
However… not all incentive schemes are equal
“The University will also continue to
provide financial incentives for
publications in the prestige journals
Nature and Science which contribute
significantly to the University’s
performance in international ranking
schemes. Consideration will be given to
expanding this scheme where it can be
demonstrated that such publication
measurably enhances the University’s
ranking or reputation.”
https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/00
34/169873/research-and-innovation-plan.pdf
UNSW is also offering cash incentives. A lead
UNSW author will get $500 for published
papers that appear in selected prestige
publications. There is $1000 for each paper
identified in the Times Higher and QS five-year
windows as a “highly cited paper” appearing in
the Web of Science. UNSW corresponding
authors of articles published in
Nature and Science will receive $10 000 from
the university, with “sliding amounts” for other
authors.
https://campusmorningmail.com.au/
news/unsw-pays-for-performance/
Why this matters: Risk averse research
• Scientists we interview routinely
say that they dare not propose
bold projects for funding in part
because of expectations that they
will produce a steady stream of
papers in journals with high impact
scores.
• Our analysis of 15 years' worth of
citation data suggests that
common bibliometric measures
relying on short-term windows
undervalue risky research
– Reviewers are blinkered by
bibliometrics : Nature News &
Comment. 26 April 2017
– http://www.nature.com/news/reviewe
rs-are-blinkered-by-bibliometrics-
1.21877
• Research today is driven by last
year’s publications.
• Scientists write to influence
reviewers and editors in the
process. … They use strategic
citation practices.
• The greater the novelty of the
work the greater likelihood it is to
have a negative review …
Scientists understand the novelty
bias so they downplay the new
elements to the old elements.
– Professor James Evans, 2015
Researcher to Reader conference
– https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.ca
m.ac.uk/?p=539
Why this matters: Attrition crisis?
Hard work, little reward: Nature readers reveal working hours and research challenges,
Nature News, 4 November 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/hard-work-little-
reward-nature-readers-reveal-working-hours-and-research-challenges-1.20933
Implications
• Increased focus on metrics perverts goals of
research institutions and researchers
• It has gone too far, to the detriment of
research itself and those who are doing the
research
• We need to move away from ‘publication of
novel results in high impact journals’ as being
the only thing that counts.
• Have I mentioned Open Research yet?
Policy pandemonium
From Bill Hubbard Getting the rights right: when policies collide
http://www.slideshare.net/UKSG/hubbard-uksg-may2015-public
It begins
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1st online
journals
arXiv started
Los Alamos Subversive
Proposal
Stevan
Harnad
1st Big Deal
WWW begins
Commercial
restrictions
lifted on
WWW
The noughties
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
DSpace
MIP & HP Labs
ePrints project
Instigated by
Stevan Harnad
Systemic
Infrastructure
initiative
Australia
1st Open
Repositories
Sydney
1st OA Policy
QUT Costs & Business
Model Report
Wellcome Trust
Sci Publishing -
Free for all?
UK Parliament
Position statement
on OA
RCUK
OA Policy
Wellcome Trust
OA Policy
NIH (replacing
voluntary 2005 one)
1st Repository
Fringe
Edinburgh
ResearchGate
May 2008
Mendeley
August 2008
Academia.edu
September 2008
BASE starts
Economic Analysis
Report
Wellcome Trust
The teens
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
RCUK Policy starts
1 April 2013
Google Scholar
citations
November 2011
Strengthen policy
Wellcome Trust
Finch Report
July 2012
UK Govt invests
£10mil
Sept 2012
CHORUS
Publisher-led
initiative
SHARE
University-led
initiative
SciHub start
Elsevier wins court
case
Against SciHub
HEFCE REF policy
starts
1 April 2016
Original end
RCUK policy
31 March
2018 (now
Coalition for
responsible sharing
vs ResearchGate
CORE starts
AOASG starts
Plan S
4 Sept 2018
EPSRC Start
checking data
sharing
May 2015
Birth of UKRI
1 April 2018
Plan S
feedback
8 Feb 2019
Wellcome Policy
5 Nov20182014 REF
Open Science Monitor - European Commission. 28 March 2017
http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=home&section=monitor
Meanwhile the focus has moved on
Statements on Open Research
https://www.cam.ac.uk/6000thThesis
https://osc.cam.ac.uk/open-research/open-research-position-
statement
https://www.reading.ac.uk/research/research-
environment/open-research.aspx
What do we mean??
Statement/declaration Year link
San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2012 http://www.ascb.org/dora/
Force11 Joint Declaration on Data Citation Principles 2014 https://www.force11.org/datacitation
FAIR data principles 2015 https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples
Science International - (draft) Accord on Open Data 2015
http://www.icsu.org/news-centre/news/science-international-to-
agree-international-accord-on-open-data
Leiden Manifesto for research metrics 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/bibliometrics-the-leiden-manifesto-
for-research-metrics-1.17351
Science Europe Principles on Open Access publisher
services
2015
http://www.scienceeurope.org/uploads/PressReleases/270415_O
pen_Access_New_Principles.pdf
European open science cloud for research - position
paper
2015
http://libereurope.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/OSC_Position_Paper-final-30.10.15.pdf
The Hague declaration on Knowledge Creation in the
Digital Age
2015 http://thehaguedeclaration.com/
Principles of the Scholarly Commons 2017 https://www.force11.org/scholarly-commons/principles
> 90 declarations and position statements from around the world
http://tinyurl.com/scholcomm-charters
There are so many different definitions of Open Research/Science
that now there is an attempt to define the definitions
https://im2punt0.wordpress.com/2017/03/27/defining-open-
science-definitions/
Oh yes, that Plan S thing
• Plan S announced – 4 Sept 2018
• Implementation guidelines released – 28 Nov 2018
• Feedback responses due - 8 Feb 2019 (over 600 responses from 40 countries)
• Robert-Jan Smits departs as European Commission’s special envoy for OA – 28 Feb 2019
• Robert Kiley (Wellcome Trust) starts as interim cOAlition S coordinator – Mar 2019
• Nominal ‘start date’ of Plan S – 1 Jan 2020
https://www.scienceeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cOAlitionS.pdf
Plan S – much discussion
https://unlockingresearch-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=2433
67 items to 1 April 2019 and 51 in 2018 - and these
are the ones I found. There are many others.
Mixed response from researchers
https://forbetterscience.com/2018/09/11/response-to-plan-
s-from-academic-researchers-unethical-too-risky/
http://eurodoc.net/joint-statement-plan-s.pdf
Feedback was consistent
• Theme 1: Clear support for the transition to open access and the
goals of Plan S.
• Theme 2: Concern that the implementation guidance reflects
models that work for STEM but will negatively impact HSS scholars.
• Theme 3: The technical requirements for publication, repository,
and other platforms are poorly thought out.
• Theme 4: The predicted effects on small, independent, and society
publishers raise concerns for the viability of these publishers.
• Theme 5: Setting a fair and reasonable APC sounds fair and
reasonable but it is also likely impossible.
• Theme 6: Scholars and organizations in the Global South object to
being told what they want.
• Theme 7: The timelines are not feasible.
Taking Stock of the Feedback on Plan S Implementation Guidance (published 11 Feb)
https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/02/11/with-thousand-of-pages-of-feedback-
on-the-plans-s-implementation-guidance-what-themes-emerged-that-might-guide-next-
steps/?informz=1
Outcome - embargo breakthrough
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/meet-plan-s-open-access-mandate-journals-
mull-setting-papers-free-publication
NOTE: If you care about this at all, there is an explanation of why there is NO (nothing
whatsover) evidence to support the argument that without embargoes libraries will
cancel subscriptions here: “Half life is half the story” https://unlockingresearch-
blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=331
One policy so far - Wellcome Trust
Any paper resulting from
work funded by Wellcome
Trust submitted for
publication after 1 Jan 2020
must be compliant (fully
gold, or in transformative
journal) and in PubMed
Central under a CC-BY
license
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/win-open-
access-two-major-funders-wont-cover-publishing-
hybrid-journals
Useful information here: “Advice for Oxford
authors on the new Wellcome Trust OA
policy”
http://openaccess.ox.ac.uk/2019/04/11/ad
vice-for-oxford-authors-on-new-wellcome-
trust-open-access-policy/
UK policy landscape is even more
complicated now
http://openaccess.ox.ac.uk/2019/05/16/open-access-policy-timeline-may-2019/
Endless amounts of discussion
Implications
• The policy landscape is fast moving and
confusing across the world
• Australia is not immune
• Plan S has ‘focused the minds’ of some in this
ecosystem
• We need to broaden our focus and language
to include Open Research / Scholarship /
Science
Being blindsided
Vertical integration resulting from Elsevier’s acquisitions, from Alejandro Posada and George Chen, (2017)
Rent Seeking and Financialization strategies of the Academic Publishing Industry - Publishers are
increasingly in control of scholarly infrastructure and why we should care- A Case Study of Elsevier
http://knowledgegap.org/index.php/sub-projects/rent-seeking-and-financialization-of-the-academic-
publishing-industry/preliminary-findings/
Note how it is pitched
https://www.coimbra-group.eu/wp-content/uploads/Burgelman2018-OS-COIMBRA-
december.pdf
Elsevier – ‘not a commercial product’*
https://datasearch.elsevier.com/faq#/ * ‘At the moment’
Elsevier is not alone
https://www.digital-science.com/researchers/
Why use your institutional services?
https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/me
ndeley-data-platform/for-institutions
https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/res
earch-data-policy/ - £265 per dataset
Who needs an Office of Research, a
Library or Student Services?
https://researcheracademy.elsevier.
com/
https://edservices.wiley.com/why-
partner/services-and-solutions/
Implications
• Publishers are muscling in (and they are better
resourced than libraries… actually they are
resourced *by* libraries)
• We need a global view of the infrastructure
landscape across whole institutions
• There is a big risk that all the research outputs
OTHER than the final published paper end up
behind a paywall
• Did I mention Open Research?
Summary & Suggestions
• Cascading cancellations
– We need much better data
• Credibility crunch-point
– Take the front foot in this area
• Metric management
– The rules determine behaviour. Question the rules.
• Policy pandemonium
– Open access is the end point, but the journey needs to be
open too
• Being blindsided
– Take a global view. Oh, and get procurement involved
Thanks and questions
Dr Danny Kingsley
Scholarly Communication Consultant
Email: danny@dannykingsley.com
Twitter: @dannykay68

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Impacts, consequences and outcomes of open policies in Europe

  • 1. Impacts, consequences and outcomes of open polices in Europe Webinar for AOASG 30 May 2019 Dr Danny Kingsley Scholarly Communication Consultant @dannykay68
  • 2. Five things to discuss today • Cascading cancellations • Credibility crunch-point • Metric management • Policy pandemonium • Being blindsided
  • 3. Cascading cancellations Offsetting agreements were only able to take us so far….
  • 4. Considerable activity in past year Country/organisati on Publisher activity Date Links Norway Cancelled Elsevier subscription March 2019 https://www.editage.com/insights/norway-joins-the-ranks-of- germany-and-sweden-cancels-subscription-with-elsevier University of California Cancelled Elsevier subscription February 2019 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00758-x Hungarian Consortium EINZ Did not renew Elsevier subscription December 2018 http://eisz.mtak.hu/index.php/en/283-hungarian-consortium- terminates-negotiations-with-elsevier.html Bibsam Consortium - Sweden Cancelled agreement with Elsevier 16 May 2018 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05191-0 French national consortium Coupe rin.org Cancelled subscriptions to SpringerNature 30 March 2018 http://couperin.org/breves/1333-couperin-ne-renouvelle-pas-l- accord-national-passe-avec-springer Dutch consortium VSNU No agreement with Royal Society of Chemistry 12 March 2018 https://www.vsnu.nl/en_GB/news-items/nieuwsbericht/394-no- agreement-with-the-royal-society-of-chemistry- publishing%C2%A0.html SPARC maintains a Big Deal Cancellation Tracking list - https://sparcopen.org/our-work/big-deal-cancellation-tracking/
  • 5. Outcomes • Feb 2018 - Germany estimated to be saving £8.7million per year – https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/will-other- countries-follow-germany-battle-elsevier • July 2018 - Elsevier cut off access to Sweden and Germany – https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05754-1 • Feb 2019 - “Thousands of scientists run up against Elsevier’s paywall” – https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00492-4 – Researchers: some articles are impossible to get, causes “unnecessary delays” to work, “This is damaging to research, and punishes researchers, not publishers.” – Libraries: most of these article requests are fulfilled within a working day, suspects that scientists are turning to other articles or journals
  • 7. Different models • Norway and Elsevier meet a nine million Euro agreement including a Gold Open Access clause (including a three percent price increase): https://www.scidecode.com/2019/04/norway-and-elsevier-meet-a-nine-million- euro-agreement-including-a-gold-open-access-clause/ • In France the Couperin Consortium reached a price reduction of more than 13% over four years in an agreement with Elsevier - without Gold Open Access but with built-in Green OA. https://www.scidecode.com/2019/04/does-the-french-couperin-consortium-beat- the-german-wiley-deal/ • University of California’s CUP agreement means the subscription "reading" fee will go down as UC's OA publishing goes up, the university will see no "significant" overall increase to the cost of its contract. https://www.uksg.org/newsletter/uksg- enews-443/cup-uc-publishing-deal • The German annual fee will be based on the number of papers they publish in Wiley journals which should roughly equal what these institutes had previously been paying Wiley https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/groundbreaking- deal-makes-large-number-german-studies-free-public
  • 8. Implications • Do you know what your institution (university, funder etc) is spending on OA? (even in the UK where block grants are centrally managed, there is still huge additional APC spend) • Do you have any idea how many of your institution’s publications with a specific publisher are OA? In gold OA journals vs hybrid? • Why isn’t ‘institutional contribution’ part of the discussion? Authoring, peer review and editing are all un-quantified gifts from the academy – and should be counted in these negotiations
  • 9. Credibility crunch-point This is our new reality https://thenorwichradical.com/2017/01/12/post-truth- politics-and-the-war-on-intellect/
  • 10. During the pre-Brexit vote discussion https://www.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c
  • 11. Who is the expert? https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/opinion/pruitt-attack-science-epa.html “Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, has announced that he alone will decide what is and isn’t acceptable science for the agency to use when developing policies that affect your health and the environment.” Mr Pruitt is a lawyer. He resigned in July 2018. His replacement, Andrew Wheeler, is a former coal lobbyist.
  • 13. The credibility of science is under threat • “Speaking as a scientist, cherrypicking evidence is unacceptable,” Hawking said. “When public figures abuse scientific argument, citing some studies but suppressing others, to justify policies that they want to implement for other reasons, it debases scientific culture.” • https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/i-would-not-have-survived- nhs-enabled-stephen-hawking-to-live-long-life
  • 14. We have to be above criticism • “Incipient and actual attacks upon the integrity of science have led scientists to recognize their dependence on particular types of social structure. Manifestos and pronouncements by associations of scientists are devoted to the relations of science and society. An institution under attack must re-examine its foundations, restate its objectives, seek out its rationale. Crisis invites self-appraisal. Now that they have been confronted with challenges to their way of life, scientists have been jarred into a state of acute self-consciousness: consciousness of self as an integral element of society with corresponding obligations and interests.”
  • 15. We have to be above criticism
  • 16. Normative Structure of Science Robert K Merton, “The Normative Structure of Science”, 1942 essay in The Sociology of Science edited by Norman W Storer, published 1973 http://www.collier.sts.vt.edu/5424/pdfs/merton_1973.pdf
  • 17. These are eroding • The four Mertonian norms of science (1942) – universalism: scientific validity is independent of the sociopolitical status/personal attributes of its participants – communalism: all scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of this norm. – disinterestedness: scientific institutions act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for the personal gain of individuals within them – organized scepticism: scientific claims should be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted: both in methodology and institutional codes of conduct.
  • 21. Fightback - (back to) Reproducibility https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a- z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/inquiries/parliament- 2017/research-integrity-17-19/publications/
  • 22. Implications • The reproducibility/integrity/replicability agenda is a positive one • It identifies causes of problems (hint – the academic reward structure) • It identifies potential solutions (study registration, CredIT taxonomy etc). Many of these relate to the Open Research agenda • It owns the issues – that’s the strongest place to be • But why is this happening?
  • 24. One of eight priorities for EC https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscienc e/pdf/integrated_advice_opspp_recomme ndations.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none
  • 25. All over the UK and Europe https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/managingyourpublicat ions/publicationsandresearchreputation/indicators/responsibleme trics/ https://www.cwts.nl/research/research- themes/responsible-metrics https://www.bristol.ac.uk/research/environment /responsible-metrics/
  • 26. Note these are mostly library webpages http://www.surrey.ac.uk/library/research/openr esearch/understandingmetrics/responsible_use _of_metrics.htm https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/support/publishing/r esponsible-use-of-metrics/ https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/research/evalu ate/responsiblemetrics/
  • 27. DORA is now *linked* to funding https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/wellcome-updating-its-open-access-policy
  • 28. Australian signatories to DORA https://sfdora.org/signers/ But surely all institutions have to do is ‘sign up’? It doesn’t mean anything has to change - does it?
  • 29. Incentives for publication are not in themselves problematical https://www.notredame.edu.au/research/research-at-notre- dame/research-development/publication/publication-incentive https://informatics.sydney.edu.au/news/sihincentive/
  • 30. However… not all incentive schemes are equal “The University will also continue to provide financial incentives for publications in the prestige journals Nature and Science which contribute significantly to the University’s performance in international ranking schemes. Consideration will be given to expanding this scheme where it can be demonstrated that such publication measurably enhances the University’s ranking or reputation.” https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/00 34/169873/research-and-innovation-plan.pdf UNSW is also offering cash incentives. A lead UNSW author will get $500 for published papers that appear in selected prestige publications. There is $1000 for each paper identified in the Times Higher and QS five-year windows as a “highly cited paper” appearing in the Web of Science. UNSW corresponding authors of articles published in Nature and Science will receive $10 000 from the university, with “sliding amounts” for other authors. https://campusmorningmail.com.au/ news/unsw-pays-for-performance/
  • 31. Why this matters: Risk averse research • Scientists we interview routinely say that they dare not propose bold projects for funding in part because of expectations that they will produce a steady stream of papers in journals with high impact scores. • Our analysis of 15 years' worth of citation data suggests that common bibliometric measures relying on short-term windows undervalue risky research – Reviewers are blinkered by bibliometrics : Nature News & Comment. 26 April 2017 – http://www.nature.com/news/reviewe rs-are-blinkered-by-bibliometrics- 1.21877 • Research today is driven by last year’s publications. • Scientists write to influence reviewers and editors in the process. … They use strategic citation practices. • The greater the novelty of the work the greater likelihood it is to have a negative review … Scientists understand the novelty bias so they downplay the new elements to the old elements. – Professor James Evans, 2015 Researcher to Reader conference – https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.ca m.ac.uk/?p=539
  • 32. Why this matters: Attrition crisis? Hard work, little reward: Nature readers reveal working hours and research challenges, Nature News, 4 November 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/hard-work-little- reward-nature-readers-reveal-working-hours-and-research-challenges-1.20933
  • 33. Implications • Increased focus on metrics perverts goals of research institutions and researchers • It has gone too far, to the detriment of research itself and those who are doing the research • We need to move away from ‘publication of novel results in high impact journals’ as being the only thing that counts. • Have I mentioned Open Research yet?
  • 34. Policy pandemonium From Bill Hubbard Getting the rights right: when policies collide http://www.slideshare.net/UKSG/hubbard-uksg-may2015-public
  • 35. It begins 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1st online journals arXiv started Los Alamos Subversive Proposal Stevan Harnad 1st Big Deal WWW begins Commercial restrictions lifted on WWW
  • 36. The noughties 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 DSpace MIP & HP Labs ePrints project Instigated by Stevan Harnad Systemic Infrastructure initiative Australia 1st Open Repositories Sydney 1st OA Policy QUT Costs & Business Model Report Wellcome Trust Sci Publishing - Free for all? UK Parliament Position statement on OA RCUK OA Policy Wellcome Trust OA Policy NIH (replacing voluntary 2005 one) 1st Repository Fringe Edinburgh ResearchGate May 2008 Mendeley August 2008 Academia.edu September 2008 BASE starts Economic Analysis Report Wellcome Trust
  • 37. The teens 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 RCUK Policy starts 1 April 2013 Google Scholar citations November 2011 Strengthen policy Wellcome Trust Finch Report July 2012 UK Govt invests £10mil Sept 2012 CHORUS Publisher-led initiative SHARE University-led initiative SciHub start Elsevier wins court case Against SciHub HEFCE REF policy starts 1 April 2016 Original end RCUK policy 31 March 2018 (now Coalition for responsible sharing vs ResearchGate CORE starts AOASG starts Plan S 4 Sept 2018 EPSRC Start checking data sharing May 2015 Birth of UKRI 1 April 2018 Plan S feedback 8 Feb 2019 Wellcome Policy 5 Nov20182014 REF
  • 38. Open Science Monitor - European Commission. 28 March 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=home&section=monitor Meanwhile the focus has moved on
  • 39. Statements on Open Research https://www.cam.ac.uk/6000thThesis https://osc.cam.ac.uk/open-research/open-research-position- statement https://www.reading.ac.uk/research/research- environment/open-research.aspx
  • 40. What do we mean?? Statement/declaration Year link San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2012 http://www.ascb.org/dora/ Force11 Joint Declaration on Data Citation Principles 2014 https://www.force11.org/datacitation FAIR data principles 2015 https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples Science International - (draft) Accord on Open Data 2015 http://www.icsu.org/news-centre/news/science-international-to- agree-international-accord-on-open-data Leiden Manifesto for research metrics 2015 http://www.nature.com/news/bibliometrics-the-leiden-manifesto- for-research-metrics-1.17351 Science Europe Principles on Open Access publisher services 2015 http://www.scienceeurope.org/uploads/PressReleases/270415_O pen_Access_New_Principles.pdf European open science cloud for research - position paper 2015 http://libereurope.eu/wp- content/uploads/2015/11/OSC_Position_Paper-final-30.10.15.pdf The Hague declaration on Knowledge Creation in the Digital Age 2015 http://thehaguedeclaration.com/ Principles of the Scholarly Commons 2017 https://www.force11.org/scholarly-commons/principles > 90 declarations and position statements from around the world http://tinyurl.com/scholcomm-charters There are so many different definitions of Open Research/Science that now there is an attempt to define the definitions https://im2punt0.wordpress.com/2017/03/27/defining-open- science-definitions/
  • 41. Oh yes, that Plan S thing • Plan S announced – 4 Sept 2018 • Implementation guidelines released – 28 Nov 2018 • Feedback responses due - 8 Feb 2019 (over 600 responses from 40 countries) • Robert-Jan Smits departs as European Commission’s special envoy for OA – 28 Feb 2019 • Robert Kiley (Wellcome Trust) starts as interim cOAlition S coordinator – Mar 2019 • Nominal ‘start date’ of Plan S – 1 Jan 2020 https://www.scienceeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cOAlitionS.pdf
  • 42. Plan S – much discussion https://unlockingresearch-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=2433 67 items to 1 April 2019 and 51 in 2018 - and these are the ones I found. There are many others.
  • 43. Mixed response from researchers https://forbetterscience.com/2018/09/11/response-to-plan- s-from-academic-researchers-unethical-too-risky/ http://eurodoc.net/joint-statement-plan-s.pdf
  • 44. Feedback was consistent • Theme 1: Clear support for the transition to open access and the goals of Plan S. • Theme 2: Concern that the implementation guidance reflects models that work for STEM but will negatively impact HSS scholars. • Theme 3: The technical requirements for publication, repository, and other platforms are poorly thought out. • Theme 4: The predicted effects on small, independent, and society publishers raise concerns for the viability of these publishers. • Theme 5: Setting a fair and reasonable APC sounds fair and reasonable but it is also likely impossible. • Theme 6: Scholars and organizations in the Global South object to being told what they want. • Theme 7: The timelines are not feasible. Taking Stock of the Feedback on Plan S Implementation Guidance (published 11 Feb) https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/02/11/with-thousand-of-pages-of-feedback- on-the-plans-s-implementation-guidance-what-themes-emerged-that-might-guide-next- steps/?informz=1
  • 45. Outcome - embargo breakthrough https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/meet-plan-s-open-access-mandate-journals- mull-setting-papers-free-publication NOTE: If you care about this at all, there is an explanation of why there is NO (nothing whatsover) evidence to support the argument that without embargoes libraries will cancel subscriptions here: “Half life is half the story” https://unlockingresearch- blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=331
  • 46. One policy so far - Wellcome Trust Any paper resulting from work funded by Wellcome Trust submitted for publication after 1 Jan 2020 must be compliant (fully gold, or in transformative journal) and in PubMed Central under a CC-BY license https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/win-open- access-two-major-funders-wont-cover-publishing- hybrid-journals Useful information here: “Advice for Oxford authors on the new Wellcome Trust OA policy” http://openaccess.ox.ac.uk/2019/04/11/ad vice-for-oxford-authors-on-new-wellcome- trust-open-access-policy/
  • 47. UK policy landscape is even more complicated now http://openaccess.ox.ac.uk/2019/05/16/open-access-policy-timeline-may-2019/
  • 48. Endless amounts of discussion
  • 49. Implications • The policy landscape is fast moving and confusing across the world • Australia is not immune • Plan S has ‘focused the minds’ of some in this ecosystem • We need to broaden our focus and language to include Open Research / Scholarship / Science
  • 50. Being blindsided Vertical integration resulting from Elsevier’s acquisitions, from Alejandro Posada and George Chen, (2017) Rent Seeking and Financialization strategies of the Academic Publishing Industry - Publishers are increasingly in control of scholarly infrastructure and why we should care- A Case Study of Elsevier http://knowledgegap.org/index.php/sub-projects/rent-seeking-and-financialization-of-the-academic- publishing-industry/preliminary-findings/
  • 51. Note how it is pitched https://www.coimbra-group.eu/wp-content/uploads/Burgelman2018-OS-COIMBRA- december.pdf
  • 52. Elsevier – ‘not a commercial product’* https://datasearch.elsevier.com/faq#/ * ‘At the moment’
  • 53. Elsevier is not alone https://www.digital-science.com/researchers/
  • 54. Why use your institutional services? https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/me ndeley-data-platform/for-institutions https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/res earch-data-policy/ - £265 per dataset
  • 55. Who needs an Office of Research, a Library or Student Services? https://researcheracademy.elsevier. com/ https://edservices.wiley.com/why- partner/services-and-solutions/
  • 56. Implications • Publishers are muscling in (and they are better resourced than libraries… actually they are resourced *by* libraries) • We need a global view of the infrastructure landscape across whole institutions • There is a big risk that all the research outputs OTHER than the final published paper end up behind a paywall • Did I mention Open Research?
  • 57. Summary & Suggestions • Cascading cancellations – We need much better data • Credibility crunch-point – Take the front foot in this area • Metric management – The rules determine behaviour. Question the rules. • Policy pandemonium – Open access is the end point, but the journey needs to be open too • Being blindsided – Take a global view. Oh, and get procurement involved
  • 58. Thanks and questions Dr Danny Kingsley Scholarly Communication Consultant Email: danny@dannykingsley.com Twitter: @dannykay68

Editor's Notes

  1. When researchers were asked how the challenges in research have influenced their careers, 65% said they had considered quitting research, and 15% that they had actually quit. Around one-third felt that they had been judged solely on the number of papers they had published, and another one-third said that they had published a paper they were not proud of. And 16% said they had cut corners in research. (Readers could choose more than one answer.)   When asked to choose the biggest challenge facing early-career scientists, 44% of some 12,000 respondents overwhelmingly picked ‘the fight for funding’. This result aligns closely with the answers of the 3,000-plus people who responded to Nature’s 2016 salary survey, just under half of whom ranked ‘competition for funding’ as the biggest challenge to their career progression. The next biggest challenges identified in the reader poll, ‘lack of work–life balance’ and ‘progression judged too heavily on publication record’ received just under one-fifth of the total vote each.